Internal Control

What is internal control and why is it important The American Institute of Accountants first defined the term internal control in 1949, followed by further clarifications in 1958 and 1972. In 1977 publicly held companies came under legislation to adequately implement controls to protect their financial information. A report by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations in 1992 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 are more recent documents defining internal controls. ( Bishop, 1991,p. 117-123; Colbert and Bowen, 1996, 26-35)This essay will describe and explain the internal control and discuss why is it important.There are five points about the importance of internal control, which respectively are Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Control Activities, Communication and Information and Monitoring. There are two definitions about internal control . Frist, internal control the integration of the activities, plans, attitudes, policies, and efforts of the employees of a department working together to provide reasonable assurance that the department will achieve its mission. More simply, internal control is what a department does to see that the things they want to happen will happen and the evidences they don’t want to happen would not happen. Manea Birza,2012,p. 75)Second, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)(2005) has claimed that internal control is process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel ,designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following thing: effectiveness and efficiency of operations and reliability of financial reporting. One of important reason of why is it significant that is control environment.The control environment, sometimes referred to as â€Å"tone at the top†, is the foundation for all other components of internal control. The control environment is influenced by management’s philosophy, opera ting style, integrity, ethical values, and commitment to competence. If this foundation is strong, if the control environment is positive, the overall system of internal control will be more effective, because the control environment component is the foundation upon which all other components of internal control are based, and it sets the tone of an organization.A small business can have unique advantages in establishing a strong control environment. Employees in many smaller businesses interact more closely with top management and are directly influenced by management actions. Through day-to-day practices and actions, management can effectively reinforce the company’s fundamental values and directives. The close working relationship also enables senior management to quickly recognize when employee’s actions need modification. (Ratcliffe, 2005,p209 and Chunk landes,2009,p56) Two of important reason of why internal control is important that is risk assessment.Risk asses sment is the identification, analysis, and management of risks relevant to the achievement of the department’s goals and objectives. Risks include internal and external events or events that may occur and adversely affect oppositions. Once risks are identified, management should consider their impact or significance, the probability of their occurrence, and how to manage them. ( Spencer Pickett and Pickett , 2010)Risk assessment, as it relates to the objective of reliable financial reporting, involve identification and analysis of the risks of material misstatement .Establishment of financial reporting objectives articulated by a assessment process. Risk assessment in small businesses can be relatively efficient , often because in-depth knowledge of the company’s operations enables the owner and management to have first-hand information of where risk exist. In carrying out their normal responsibilities, including obtaining information gained from employees, customers, supplier, and others, these managers identify risks inherent in business processes. ( Ratcliffe, 2005)In this way ,the risk assessment is quiet significant for company or enterprise.Three of important reason of why internal control is important that is control activities. Internal control activities are tools – policies, procedures, techniques, and mechanisms – that help ensure management’s directives are carried out. Control activities help identify, prevent or reduce the risks that can impede accomplishment of the department's objectives. Control activities occur throughout the department, at all levels and in all functions; they include activities such as approvals, authorizations, verifications, reconciliations, documentation, separation of duties, and safeguarding of assets. Root,1998) Many smaller companies use certain compensating controls to achieve the objectives, when resource constraints compromise the ability to segregate duties. They help ensure tha t necessary actions are taken to address risks to a achievement of the entity’s objectives. Control activities occur throughout the organization at all levels and in all functions. (Ratcliffe, 2005 and Chuck Landes, 2009)Control activities are one of most important in internal control.Four of important reason of why internal control is important that is Communication and Information. Information systems identify, capture, and distribute information supporting the achievement of financial reporting objectives. Information systems is small businesses are likely to less formal than in large ones, but their role is just as significant. (Chuck Landes, 2009) For a department to run and control its operations, it must have relevant, valid, reliable, and timely communications relating to internal and external events.Managers must be able to secure reliable information to make informed business decisions, understand their risks, and communicate policies and other important information to those who need it. (Rezaee, 2002)so, it is also integrant for internal control. Finally, monitoring is most significant for internal control’s reason why is it important. The department’s internal control system needs to be monitored to assess whether controls are effective and operating as intended.Monitoring occurs through routine managerial activities such as supervision, reconciliations, checklists, comparisons, performance evaluations, and status reports; monitoring may also occur through separate internal evaluations example internal audits/reviews or from use of external sources example comparison to peer groups or industry standards, surveys. Deficiencies found during monitoring need to be reported to those responsible for the function, with serious deficiencies being reported to top management. (Rezaee, 2002, p. 07) Committee Of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission have suggested that senior executives have long sought ways to better control the enterprises they run. Internal controls are put in place to keep the company on course toward profitability objects and achievement of its task, and to least loss. (Spencer Pickett, 2005) It reveals the important of monitoring. In conclusion, there are many beneficial point to prove internal control is important because Pickett (2010) consider that the overall purpose of internal control is to help a department achieve its mission and reach certain goals and objectives.An effective internal control system helps a department to promote orderly, economical, efficient and effective operations and produce quality products and services consistent with the department’s mission and safeguard resources against loss due to waste, abuse, mismanagement, errors and fraud and promote adherence to statutes, regulations, bulletins and procedures and develop and maintain reliable financial and management data, and accurately report that data in a timely manner.Therefore, in many countries, internal control is very popular in different company or different government; however, it is not available in all of situations, because whether an organization achieves operational and strategic objectives may depend on factors outside the company, such as competition or technological innovation. These factors are outside the scope of internal control; therefore, effective internal control provides only timely information or feedback on progress towards the achievement of operational and strategic objectives, but cannot guarantee their achievement. ( Rezaee,2002)

Personal Narrative and First-Hand Observation Essay

Personal Narrative and First-Hand Observation in a Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, the Ballot or the Bullet, and Dance with the Devil By davidleny Personal narrative and first-hand observation are key components if an author wishes to be effective in his writing. Through the use of personal narrative and first- hand observation, the author is able to gain sympathy from or relate to the audience. Although it can be argued the use of these two components does not result in effective writing, it is proven to be true in Frederick Douglass’ A Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, Malcolm X’s The Ballot or the Bullet, and Immortal Technique’s Dance with the Devil. In A Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, Frederick uses his personal life experience to demonstrate the inhumane brutality and mistreatment against the African American slaves. Douglass is effective in his writing and attracts the attention of the audience. For example, earlier in the narrative Frederick mentions how loving and caring his grandmother was and how she took care of and nurtured every slave child. Later on in the narrative he mentions that when his old masters die, his grandmother was isolated and taken away from her children to live alone in the woods in a mud chimney hut. Text 1) The use of Douglass’ personal experience with his grandmother captivates his audience because the African American enslaved community, whom this narrative at the time was directed towards, also had a grandmother who nurtured them. Likewise in The Ballot or The Bullet by Malcolm X, Malcolm discusses that even though people have differences, we all face the same problem. Malcolm expresses that whether you are Muslim, Baptist, or Methodist, we all are going to suffer the decisions of the man that is in charge of us. (Text 2) The audience is able to connect to his experience because e involved people of all religions. Malcolm’s experience allows the audience to become aware of what is to come and that they will all suffer the consequences. Malcolm is effective in his writing because he includes the rights of every human. The audience concerning their well being of is captivated and becomes aware of the situation. Furthermore in Dance with the Devil by Immortal Techniques, the artist reveals the truth that not everyone is good, that everyone has evil in them. The artist’s engagement of all races and of the welfare of the people gains the attention f the audience and is effective. For example, the artist says that the person right next to you could be the devil and that the devil consumes the hearts of the selfish and the wicked. (Text 3, Lines 1,2, and 5. ) His use of the devil as evil supports his belief that not everything is good. First-hand observation and personal narrative is required to have effective writing in order to grasp the attention of the audience. This is evident in Frederick Douglass’ A Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, Malcolm X’s The Ballot or the Bullet, and Immortal Technique’s Dance with the Devil.

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol abuse Essay Alcoholism is an overwhelming desire to drink alcohol, even though it is causing harm. Alcohol is a drug. In the United States alcoholism is the most widespread form of drug abuse, effecting at least 5 million people. About one third of high school students in the US are thought to be influenced drinkers. Many already may be alcoholics. A person who is dependent on alcohol is called an alcoholic. Drunk drivers account for one half of all fatal automobile accidents each year in the US. Alcoholism also creates many severe physical problems. More then three drinks a day, over a few weeks causes destructive danger in the liver. Changes in the brain and nervous system result in hostile behavior. A family or individual with an alcoholism problem is in serious trouble because the alcoholics main goal is to get something to drink. The drinking usually continues until the person is drunk. Family, friends and work are little concern compared to the need for alcohol. Drunkenness limits the alcoholics control of normal behavior and to perform the easiest functions. Many resources can help but two rules apply to recovery. One is that the alcoholic must accept the fact that there is a real problem and must decide to stop drinking. An alcoholic must also realize that any form of alcohol is literally poison. When in recovery an alcoholic could never take another drink. First of all you will notice that an alcoholic will often gulp their drinks, they can probably drink a lot before they get drunk, they may stay drunk for several days, they will also have a favorite drink, and may change their favorite drink to another. They may also hide their drinking. Alcoholism is an illness and is very common. It is very hard for an alcoholic to stop drinking because they know how they feel when they do not drink. Alcoholics usually try to stop drinking because they maybe have hurt someone they love or may also be on the verge of losing their job. People who stop drinking sometimes may have to go to the hospital for a period of time, this is called detoxification. This is the best way for treatment when it is hard for them to stop. The withdrawal symptoms are things such as shaking, sweating, fever, pains and nausea. These can be severe and dangerous to that persons health. After detoxification comes rehabilitation this is a period of time which the person starts to recover mentally and physically. Most alcoholics will go to AA meetings during this time. This is where they can go and meet other alcoholics just like them. Effects on the Body Alcohol also effects the kidneys, another major internal organ. When drinking alcohol urination increases due to changes in the hormone aldosterone. This is what regulates water in the body. So it is not uncommon to experience an increase in the urge to urinate while intoxicated. The liver, however, is effected the most. Liver damage may occur in three irreversible stages. The first stage is called Fatty Liver. This is where the liver cells are worked in with abnormal fatty tissue, enlarging the liver. Second there is Alcoholic Hepatitis. Liver cells swell, become inflamed, and die, causing blockage. Last, the more advanced alcoholic liver now has Cirrhosis: a fibrous scar tissue forms in place of healthy cells, obstructing the flow of blood through the liver. Various functions of the liver deteriorate with often fatal results. A diseased liver cannot convert stored glycogen into glucose, thus lowering blood sugars and producing hypoglycemia an important function in the liver related problems and 5,685 deaths indirectly due .

Managing Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing Employee Relations - Essay Example With regards to maintaining a working and mobile corporate structure, EIP has been playing an active influential role for the companies. In other words, the above discussed idea tends to maintain the working balance within different corporate organisations (Apostolou, 2000, pp. 21-23). Observably, EIP is held accountable for stabilising corporate order by providing effective guidelines and developing individuals’ behaviours. This particular approach has often been advantageous for organisations to attain their respective goals along with objectives by strengthening decision-making procedures and utilising the available resources effectively. The efforts of individual employees and inputs are highly regarded as important elements that help in attaining the fundamental objectives of the firms and enabling them to grow in an efficient manner. Additionally, EIP is not only an important part as per the industrial context, but also contributes in the development of the overall economy (Holden, n.d., pp. 560-563). With this concern in mind, the prime intent of this essay is to argue about the fact that EIP fundamentally intends to weaken the collective will of the workers by individualising their respective actions and also aligning them with the goals of the employers. Moreover, the essay also discusses the disadvantageous factors involved with the notion of EIP that might impose negative impacts over the working process of the employees as well as the performance of the organisations in order to argue the aforesaid fact (West Virginia Department of Health and Human Sources, 2014, pp. 1-2). It is strongly believed that with the rise in globalisation and internationalisation, the value of employment has raised gradually. Justifiably, the companies have started valuing the involvement of employees in their operational procedures, mostly related to decision-making.

Ginger Design Consultancy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ginger Design Consultancy - Case Study Example Moreover, being an intellectual property of the company, there is the need for the company to have sufficient protection for such kind of new services developed from infringement. Hence the report makes comprehensive recommendations on the legal options available to the company on the protection of the intellectual property, being the services developed An evaluation of the marketing, financial and legal aspects of any new service developed is of great importance for any consultancy organization. Especially where the company has the option of offering alternative service models with varying degrees of revenue and costs it is imperative that the company makes an evaluation of the alternatives available in the angles of financial and marketing adaptability of the options. Similarly it is for the company to look after the protection of the services developed with years of hard work by adopting suitable legal steps for the protection of the copyright of such services, lest, there is the danger of them being misused by the competitors. Basically being a Report to the Management of the financial, marketing and legal angles of new services, this report deviates from the established reporting format for the purposes of coherence. As the first part, this rep... 2.0 Evaluation of the Financial Performance and Position for the Year 2006 as Compared to the year 2005: A review and comparison of the financial performances is greatly facilitated by the establishment of the key financial ratios. The Key financial Ratios for Ginger are calculated as below: Ratios for Profit and Loss Account: Details Year 2006 '000 Year 2005 '000 Sales 598 478 Cost of Sales to Sales % 41.47 35.56 Gross Profit to Sales % 58.53 62.76 Administrative Expenses to Sales % 40.80 44.35 Operating Profit to Sales % 14.07 16.31 Profit after Tax to Sales % 9.70 11.92 Ratios on Balance Sheet: Details Year 2006 '000 Year 2005 '000 Sales to Fixed Assets 6.29 5.31 Current Ratio 1.51 1.26 Sales to Current Assets 2.93 2.97 Sales to Debtors 4.43 5.19 Loan to Equity 0.52 0.09 2.1 Commentary on the Financial Position: The analysis of the Profit and Loss Account is as below: The company's sales for the year 2006 are showing an improvement at 598,000 as compared to that 478,000 for the year 2005. This implies that the company's marketing efforts are starting to result in improved turnover showing the potential to improve further in the next three years period The cost of sales to Sales percentage at 41.47 percent for the year 2006 as compared to 35.56 percent for the previous year is quite high. The company should think of introducing budgetary control measures to have a strict control over the expenses With the increase in the cost of sales the Gross profit percentage is low at 58.53 percent for the year 2006 as against that of 62.76 percent for 2005. With the introduction of budgets the company would be able to enhance the gross margin percentage In fact the company has done well

Hospital- Acquired Infections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospital- Acquired Infections - Research Paper Example Researches have been launched to investigate for probable predisposing factors of HAI as well as the possible mitigation measure that can be put in place to control this disaster. This article will focus on the impact of HAI, its possible causes, and the measures being put in place in an effort to control it. As a result of the increase in cases of HAI, the medical sectors have launched various research programs as a strategy to come up with permanent solutions to solve this problem. Statistical researches have established the extent of occurrence of these Nosocomial infections. The most affected regions include the United States, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Switzerland. For example, in the USA, the center for Diseases control and prevention reported that about 1.7 billion of individuals had contracted this kind of infection (CDC, 2010). Of this number, about one hundred thousand are reported to die each year. According to medical literature, the most common HAI include Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream diseases (Plowman, 1). The most commonly affected individuals include the workers in hospitals, the patients admitted in these hospitals, and visitors who often come to see their inpatients. This has resulted in a large financial burden in the economy of the affected states. The Prevention epicenter program was launched by the Center for Disease and Control Prevention to research on HAI (CDC, 1). This research group has pulled a lot of efforts to establish the predisposing factors and the possible measures that can be implemented to control this calamity through following a scientific research approach. For instance, it has explored the biology of microorganisms that are commonly related to these infections. To kick off this disaster, the first step involves the establishment of the predisposing factors. Predisposing factors refer to

Case Study Paper also referred to as the Applied Learning Theory Paper

Paper also referred to as the Applied Learning Theory Paper - Case Study Example In Kounin’s ‘Teacher With-it-ness theory’, the teacher must balance all of these aspects of childhood personality development and social learning methods in order to be able to control and transform the tensions that appear in the classroom and school. In this manner, a combined approach that takes the best of these theories and applies them to education and classroom management as Patricia P. Willems and Alyssa R. Gonzalez-DeHass do in â€Å"Educational Psychology Casebook† can lead to a more efficient learning process for both the teacher and students in public education or private schools. Development - Case 19: Erikson’s Personality Development Statement of Problem: â€Å"To Belong or Not to Belong† Mr. Turner is a 10th grade teacher is a three-year high school with both male and female students. The students have no dress code or uniforms, and come from a wide variety of diverse social backgrounds. Mr. Turner has a â€Å"Goth† stud ent in class who he identifies with in her inter-personal relationship struggles with other cliques in the school. Mr. Turner is not certain how to motivate the full range of his students or why they are not all preparing their assignments or completing the readings. He has a reputation of taking on large problems at the school and in teaching deep themes in English literature. Mr. Turner discusses the problems with the cliques with another teacher who advises him to take a more influential role in the character development of the students and to become more involved in building outreach to the community. Mr. Turner does not see the problem involving a wider solution outside of the classroom. Analysis: In Erik Erikson’s theory of human development, the girls are in the adolescent stage representative of Erikson’s 5th stage of personality development representing ‘Identity’ and ‘Identity Conflicts

5 points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

5 points - Essay Example The story with the title â€Å"The New Dress† tells us about a female who wants to look beautiful (Woolf, 1975). The nonprofessional writers take up writing as a hobby and because of this reason, write short stories in order to manage their passion with other chores of life. The short stories are attributed to female writers but it is not always true. Every individual can or have faced loneliness during his or her life. However, some of us turn to listening sad music and others write about it in order to get it off the minds. The human need to manage stress can turn anyone towards writing regardless of gender so considering females capable of writing good short stories in utterly wrong. Poems are traditionally used to express one’s emotions and feelings about a particular subject matter and therefore, the short stories have some commonalities with the medium of poem as both of them are composed in order to express an individual’s feelings. The era when females were considered and treated as a suppressed social class is almost gone because women are now engaged in corporate world as CEOs. The short stories have become a medium that is used to dump psychological pressures on to the paper and therefore, any number of reasons can cause a man to write a story as it will force the woman to do so. The editors and publishers view story from a readers’ viewpoint and if they believe that it has the power to attract readers then they will publish the work. As mentioned earlier, the short stories will be used to express emotions and feelings by men and women alike. Secondly, they are considered as an informal means of writing and finally, they are livelier because readers think that the writer in talking to them directly and the feeling comes as the stories are composed in a narrative

Relationship Between Project Life Cycle and Product System Life Cycle Essay

Relationship Between Project Life Cycle and Product System Life Cycle - Essay Example Due to the uniqueness of each industry, the demarcation of the phases may vary accordingly and sometime the divisions between the phases may often overlap. A product maybe defined as an entity offered in the form of goods or services. A product life cycle evolves through different phases similar to a project. The spiral model best describes the product life cycle, which is the most generic model of all. Special product life cycles are considered to be derivatives of this basic model. The key feature of the spiral model is in its risk management. It focuses on low risk strategies, early detection of errors and design flaws and the closely aligns itself with the evolution and growth cycle of the product. A product life cycle is often triggered by a need or opportunity, which leads to the conception, manufacturing, production and deployment of a tangible or intangible asset. This is then supported or maintained, upgraded as required and retired when obsolete. Although on the surface, a project life cycle and a product life cycle seem similar, in reality each phase of the product life cycle is a project by itself. Each phase of the product derives its input from the end result of the executed project.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP & INNOVATION IN ORGANISATIONS Assignment

ENTREPRENEURSHIP & INNOVATION IN ORGANISATIONS - Assignment Example 88). Innovation introduces a change, a new combination from what is familiar. Schumpeter, a pioneer in the study of innovation and entrepreneurship, posits that the main force that brings about this structural change is the â€Å"perennial gale of creative destruction† (Schumpeter, 1942). Thinking out of the box seems to be one valuable trait of innovators and entrepreneurs. Although related, the processes of innovation and entrepreneurship are different. Innovation is sparked by a new idea. The idea can be a new technology such as a gadget that can provide more convenience to consumers, a new service like an alternative form of relaxation, a new product, or even a new administrative procedure. Such ideas are driven by needs that are seen by the innovators. Innovation requires creativity. Engle, Mah & Sadri (1997) define Creativity as the ability to develop ideas through one of three processes. One is creation or the development of something new. Another is the synthesis or combination of concepts. The third process is modification or the changing or improvement of things (Anderson, 1992). Indulging in such processes makes the entrepreneur a creative thinker who modifies or rejects previously accepted ideas to build innovations from practically anything. In organizations, innovation becomes the growth of a new idea from its initial state into its actualized form as a full-blown innovation (Roberts, 2006). Schumpeter (1939) mentions various types of innovations: the introduction of new products, new methods of production and new forms of business organization as well as the penetration of new input—and output markets. The people who drive and protect the innovative ideas are the entrepreneurs. They are responsible in designing and developing a programme of activities that push the innovative idea forward.

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe Essay The many different works of Edgar Allan Poe all aim to do one thing. Strike fear into the heart of the reader. Simple, yet effective, he expresses fear through these many different themes and motifs. At full length, Poe’s stories all acquire a distinct theme or motif that moves the story forward. Whether you know it or not, many of his stories rely on themes and motifs to make the story more appealing to the reader. Time, duality, and dreams all play key roles in Poe’s short stories. They descriptively provide all of the necessary information in order to produce the whole concept of fear. Without them, these stories wouldn’t push you to the edge of your seat, wondering what is going to happen next. Time plays a major role in providing the story with the crucial data it needs to make the story frightening and suspenseful. It presents the story with a visual that makes the mood of the story transition into a very adverse setting. Dusk is probably the most common time of day in many of Poe’s stories. He chooses dusk because, during that time of day, it is very difficult to see. For example, in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† the narrator begins to describe how it is very difficult to see while he is making his way towards his child hood friend’s mansion. When choosing the time of day that produces little or no light, Poe tries to make the setting as dark as possible. Light represents happiness and positivity, so Poe tries to eliminate anything that represents prosperity. By assembling negative forces, the story will generate fear into the reader. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† the narrator stalks his pray for seven days, but on the eighth night the narrator commits the horrible deed. The number eight is used frequently with Poe and his stories; in this case, it represents what day the narrator will kill the old man. With â€Å"Masque of the Red Death†, time represents life. It represents life because once a person is infected with the red death; the infected person has only 30 minutes to live. The ebony clock also represents life, because after every hour the clock will ring, reminding the people that time is running out. This theme is very necessary for producing fear, because if Poe doesn’t clarify what time of day it is, the story loses suspense. So it’s apparent that time is a key necessity in conveying fear into readers. The narrator often produces dreams themselves. Frequently, it presents a distortion of reality for the narrator and the reader. Dreams in Poe’s stories draw the line between reality and fantasy. Many unexplainable things would occur and the narrator would instantly assume it would be his imagination or that he would be dreaming. Providing dreams will make the reader build curiosity into whether or not these bizarre things are real or just images of the narrators eccentric imagination. In â€Å"Masque of the Red Death†, a huge party is thrown, to isolate the people from the disease. In the party, the guests have a great time by dressing up and having a â€Å"perfect† time, until the ebony clock rings. Once the clock rings, the party guests snap back into reality for a short moment. For that short moment, the reader realizes the severity of the situation. That short moment of severity produces fear. During his trip to Rederick’s mansion in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, the narrator feels like the trip is a dream because the environment of the mansion is so surreal. Alcohol provides the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† with a distortion of reality, because after he hangs the black cat, he comes across a cat that is identical to the one he hangs after he leaves the bar. The narrator is completely shocked by the resemblance to his previous cat. This similarity conveys fear into the reader, because you can’t tell if it’s the same cat or a different one. The distortion of reality in dreams really help produce fear due to the doubtful events that keep occurring. These events help generate fear and build up the suspense in the reader for a few moments. Duality in the characters conveys the most fear towards the reader. By having a dual persona, the character is able to build up that suspense by having a â€Å"good† side and a â€Å"bad† side. As an animal lover, the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† would always love to take care of animals, until he becomes â€Å"consumed by the imp of the perverse† which exposes his negative side. This negativity leads him to killing his cat and his wife. The insanity of having a dual persona helps transmit true fear into the reader. As a young caretaker, the narrator in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† has nothing against the old man he is looking after; the old man has done nothing wrong to deserve any negative treatment. During the day the narrator would go about his business taking care of the old man, until night came upon. At night, the narrator would be consumed by the old man’s eye. His â€Å"evil eye† leads the narrator to kill his wife and their pet. The duality in both of the these characters are very similar due to them being consumed by some object that leads them into killing their loved ones and pets. All of these themes help produce the backbone of Poe’s stories. Without these themes and motifs, these stories wouldn’t be as suspenseful as they are today. These stories rely on the descriptiveness and the intensity of these themes to carry the suspense and to convey fear into the readers. Today, as people still learn about Poe’s stories, they will still be able to consume the fear that they read due to these themes and motifs.

HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 Essay Example for Free

HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 Essay This document of HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 contains: Chinese Social and Political Order Systems Read The Chinese Tradition and Lessons for Women. Compare and contrast Daoism (Taoism), Legalism, and Confucianism. What did each system stress as most important? In what ways did they speak to the people? Which had the most impact on the development of society? Why? Include data from your textbook and supplementary readings to support your response. History General History ASHFORD HIS 103 All discussion questions Pick out classes that are challenging and interesting to you instead of the ones that people think are very easy. Giving yourself a challenge is rewarding. You are sure to gain more knowledge from tough courses, and you might make connections that will benefit you later on. This document of HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 contains: Chinese Social and Political Order Systems Read The Chinese Tradition and Lessons for Women. Compare and contrast Daoism (Taoism), Legalism, and Confucianism. What did each system stress as most important? In what ways did they speak to the people? Which had the most impact on the development of society? Why? Include data from your textbook and supplementary readings to support your response. History General History ASHFORD HIS 103 All discussion questions Pick out classes that are challenging and interesting to you instead of the ones that people think are very easy. Giving yourself a challenge is rewarding. You are sure to gain more knowledge from tough courses, and you might make connections that will benefit you later on. This document of HIS 103 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 contains: Chinese Social and Political Order Systems Read The Chinese Tradition and Lessons for Women. Compare and contrast Daoism (Taoism), Legalism, and Confucianism. What did each syste Search for more tutorials here https://bitly. com/1oJNqEQ Pick out classes that are challenging and interesting to you instead of the ones that people think are very easy. Giving yourself a challenge is rewarding. You are sure to gain more knowledge from tough courses, and you might make connections that will benefit you later on. History General History ASHFORD HIS 103 All discussion questions

Single Molecule Magnets and Single Chain Magnets Analysis

Single Molecule Magnets and Single Chain Magnets Analysis The structures and magnetic properties: molecular nanomagnets phenolic oxime complexes GUAN Shengyang Table of Contents (Jump to) 1 Introduction 1.1 Research background 1.2 Introduction to nanomagnets 1.2.1 Single molecule magnet 1.2.2 Single Chain magnet (magnetic nanowires) 1.3 Structure of phenolic oxime and complexes 2 Researches 2.1 Iron complex 2.2 Manganese complexes 2.3 Complex containing cobalt and sodium ions 2.4 Complex containing lanthanide 3 Conclusion 4 Bibliography Abstract The basic concepts needed to understand and model singlechain magnets will also be reviewed. 1 Introduction 1.1 Research background The researches on molecular nanomagnets began from 1990s, when the first single molecule magnet (SMM) [Mn12O12(O2CPh)16(H2O)4 was researched by Christougroup of University of Florida. [GS1]This mixed-valent manganese complex was found to have an abnormal high spin ground state of S=10[GS2] and highest blocking temperature (below which temperature could the nanomagnets show magnetic properties) in its family ([Mn12O12(O2CR)16(H2O)4], R = various). A large number of SMMs have been reported since then. These[GS3] kind of complexes display the classical property of magnetization hysteresis[GS4] and quantum properties of quantum tunnelling of the magnetization (QTM). These initial discoveries provide a molecular approach to nano-scale magnetism. Following investigation of single molecule magnets (SMMs) and single chain magnets (SCMs) explorers their potential applications in high-density information storage[GS5], quantum computing[GS6], magnetic refrigeration [GS7]and so on. However, to date, nanomagnets discovered have very low blocking temperature (TB). So it is very important to choose appropriate chelate ligands and corresponding metal centres to construct a proper complex with properties to improve blocking temperature (TB) for practical application. Phenolic oxime is a family of compounds with generic structure shown in Figure 1. The phenolate and oxime function groups could form intramolecular hydrogen bonding with its neighbour. These hydrogen bonding resulting in strong coordination effect on metal ions. Such property makes phenolic oxime a good extractant for copper[GS8] in mining industry. Detailed discussion of the phenolic oxime complex structure will be introduced in SECTION 1.3 . Figure 1 general structure of phenolic oxime In this review, knowledge of nanomagnets will be introduced firstly to provide an overview of this field. Then the structure and magnetic properties of compounds with phenolic oxime ligand will be introduced. New techniques applied in synthesis will also be included. It is hoped that this review could be used to assess the potential of phenolic oxime ligand in high performance nanomagnets. 1.2 Introduction to nanomagnets 1.2.1 Single molecule magnet It is helpful to describe the basic theory of SMM with an example. The first single molecule magnet (SMM) [Mn12O12(O2CCH3 )16(H2O) 4] 4H2O ·2CH3CO2H[GS9] was determined to have an S=10 ground spin state, which is contributed by the antiferromagnetic interactions between 4 MnIV ions and 8 MnIII ions[GS10]. However, not like normal size magnet, SMM shows slow magnetic relaxation below a characteristic blocking temperature. This phenomenon is explained by the exist of an energy barrier in reorientation process of magnetic moment. Sessoli et.al. confirmed there exists a relatively large zero-field splitting in this molecule by high-field EPR experiments with a CO2 far-infrared laser. This axial zero-field splitting leads to a splitting of the S=10 state into 21 levels: -10 , -9 , -8, -7, -6 , -5†¦0, 1, 2, 3†¦8, 9, 10. Each level is characterized by a spin projection quantum number ms, corresponding potential energy: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦..(1) D:axial zero-field splitting parameter. In [Mn12O12(O2CCH3 )16(H2O) 4] 4H2O ·2CH3CO2H D=-0.5cm-1 Figure 2 Figure 1. PovRay representation of the core of[Mn12O12(O2CCH3 )16(H2O) 4] 4H2O ·2CH3CO2H, showing the relative positions of the MnIV ions (shaded circles), MnIII ions (solid circles), and  µ3-O2 bridges (open circles[GS11]). Figure 3: Plot of potential energy of different spin state versus magnetization direction From Figure 3, it could be known that the splitting of potential energy levels resulting in a potential energy barrier in the process of changing the magnetic moment. For the example SMM, this barrier equals to E(ms=0)-E(ms=à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±10à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡)=100D. Due to the small value of D, this barrier could be easily crossed in room temperature. If sample SMM is magnetized at 1.5K, the magnetic relaxation time becomes too long to measure. When fitted into Arrhenius relationship: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(2) The magnetic anisotropy of the SMM is caused by the structure of the eight MnIII ions. Each MnIII ion with in octahedral crystal shows Jahn–Teller distortion. These distortion[GS12] together with spin-orbital interaction give rise to the easy axis type of magnetoanisotropy. To conclude, a typical SMM consists of an inner magnetic core with a surrounding shell of organic ligands. The desired SMM requires well isolated system which exhibit high spin ground state (S) with a high magnetic anisotropy of the easy-axis (Ising) type. The difficulty is: high spin ground state often requests for several nucleuses, but the magnetic orientation of each nuclei tends to obey Maximum Entropy Models. In this way, the highest magnetoanisotropy of a molecule couldn’t be achieved easily. Some researches show that replacing magnetic core with lanthanide[GS13] ions or using single nuclearity spincluster [GS14]could avoid this problem. Their approaches will be discussed in SECTION 2. 1.2.2 Single Chain magnet (magnetic nanowires) While clusters of SMM can be considered as zero dimensional material, it is possible that one dimensional materials such as nanowires exhibit slow magnetic relaxation and hysteresis effects which are not associated with three-dimensional (3D) order. At 1963, Glauber[GS15] predicted one dimension Ising model (easy axial) would show magnetization relaxation under low temperature. Due to insufficient knowledge in this area and stringent conditions required in the synthesis procedure, chemist wasn’t be able to find any evidences to support or against the prediction, until Gatteschi et al successfully synthesis [Co(hfac)2(NITPhOMe[GS16])] in 2001. Figure 4 Structure of NITPhOMe=4†²-methoxy-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide Figure 5 Drawing of unit cell of[Co(hfac)2(NITPhOMe)2]. Large dark spheres represent the metal ions. Hydrogen, fluorine, and most of the methyl carbon atoms have been omitted for clarity The structure of the SCM consists of Co(hfac)2 and radicals arranged in helices alternately( Figure 5). In this one dimensional structure, the magnetic core (octahedral cobalt(II) centres) has overall S=1/2 and shows easy axis of magnetization in the chain direction[SG17]. Detailed analysis of spectrums could be found in Caneschi’s report in 2001. To conclude, three essential conditions are need for design SCMs: 1) the ratio of the interaction and interactions is very large. 2) the material must behave as a 1D Ising ferro- or ferrimagnet. This requires the building block or the core of the chain have large ground state spin. 3) the interchain interactions should be minimized to avoid the magnetism of the material be associated with three-dimensional (3D) order. This final condition also apply for SMMs. 1.3 Structure of phenolic oxime and complexes Metal complexes with a planar, electronically delocalized structure have proven particularly attractive for development of cooperative electronic properties because of the strong molecule–molecule interactions that can arise from Ï€-stacking of the planar units 2 Researches 2.1 3d nanomagnet Many 3d nanomagnets have been synthesized and researched on since the first SMM was discovered. f hexanuclear MnIII SMMs based on the complex [MnIII6O2(sao)6(O2CH)2(EtOH)4](saoH2=salicylaldoxime[GS18])9-12 Spin Switching via Targeted Structural Distortion 2.2 Iron complex Variation of alkyl groups on the ligand fromt-octyl ton-propyl enabled electronic isolation of the complexes in the crystal structures of M(L1)2contrasting with Ï€-stacking interactions for M(L2)2(M = Ni, Cu). This was evidenced by a one-dimensional antiferromagnetic chain for Cu(L2)2but ideal paramagnetic behaviour for Cu(L1)2down to 1.8 K. 2.3 Complex containing cobalt and sodium ions 2.4 Complex containing lanthanide Although many magnetic transition metal complexes have been synthesised, the temperature required for transition metal complex to exhibit magnetization relaxation (i.e. blocking temperature) is too low. Hence lanthanide metals were introduced to the complex to increase the blocking temperature. 4 Bibliography [GS1]R. Sessoli, H.-L. Tsai, A.R. Schake, S. Wang,  J.B. Vincent, K. Folting, D. Gatteschi, G. Christou,  and D.N. Hendrickson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115  (1993) p. 1804. Sessoli, R.; Tsai, H.-L.; Schake, A.R.; Wang, S.; Vincent, J.B.; Folting, K.; Gatteschi, D.; Christou, G.; Hendrickson, D.N.J. Am. Chem. Soc.1993, 115, 1804-1816.  [GS2]à ¥Ã‚ Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¦-†¡ [GS3]Resonant magnetization tunnelling in the half-integer-spin single-molecule magnet [PPh4][Mn12O12(O2CEt)16(H2O)4] â€Å"Spin Tweaking† of a High-Spin Molecule: An Mn25Single-Molecule Magnet with anS=61/2 Ground State New Routes to Polymetallic Clusters: Fluoride-Based Tri-, Deca-, and Hexaicosametallic MnIIIClusters and their Magnetic Properties Molecular Cube of ReIIand MnIIThat Exhibits Single-Molecule Magnetism Syntheses, structures and single-molecule magnetic behaviors of two dicubane Mn4complexes [GS4]Macroscopic Measurement of Resonant Magnetization Tunneling in High-Spin Molecules

Why the Brother in The Scarlet Ibis is Selfish :: James Hurst

Some people are selfish in such a way that affects only their own selves, but others’ selfishness can hurt those they care about. One of these such people is Brother in â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis†. In James Hurst’s â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis†, Brother is selfish and only teaches Doodle to walk to benefit himself. Brother is too engulfed in his selfish desire for a ‘better’ brother that he does not give Doodle a chance to rest. â€Å"I made him swim until he turned blue, and row until he couldn’t lift an oar.† This excerpt shows the reader how ruthless Brother is in the training he has set up for Doodle. Brother appears to care more about him being capable of doing these ‘fun’ things than his brother having fun doing them does. â€Å"Success lay at the end of the summer like a pot of gold† When Brother says this, he relays how he is greedy for a better brother and will do anything to get what he wants. Brother is selfish because he is not concerned about how the rigorous training is negatively affecting Doodle. â€Å"†¦ Doodle began to look feverish, and Mama felt his forehead. At night he didn't sleep well, and sometimes he had nightmares, and I touched him and said, "Wake up, Doodle. Wake up.† Even though Brother is lucid of the fact that the training is making Doodle unwell, he continues to press Doodle to train harder. Every day, Brother makes Doodle train, even if he does not wish to. Brother is someone that Doodle always looks up to. Brother uses this to persuade Doodle that he must not be different. In conclusion, Brother shows his self-interest in how he treats his younger brother. He treats his younger brother, Doodle, as something to ‘fix’ and he cannot accept his brother as he is. When Doodle finally learns to walk, Brother’s selfish need for a more ‘ideal’ little brother is not satisfied for long. Soon he demands a little brother who can run, jump, climb, swim, swing on vines, and row a boat. When he gives Doodle lessons for these activities, he does not do so for concern about Doodle wanting to be able to do them, but because he wants Doodle to be able to be a ‘normal’ brother.

John Brown :: essays research papers

How the Actions of Governor Wise and the State of Virginia in the Case of John Brown may be easily Justified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After months of planning, John Brown and his twenty-one “soldiers'; marched into the strategically located town of Harpers Ferry with the goal of starting a slave revolt which would lead to the abolishment of the institution of slavery. Within hours Brown and his followers had taken several hostages, and gained control of the armory, the arsenal, and the engine house. The following days consisted of skirmishes with the towns people and the arrival of the United States Marines. After a brief confrontation the Marines easily captured Brown and his few surviving followers. On October 27 the trail of John Brown began. Only five days later the trial came to a rapid conclusion, with the jury finding Brown guilty on all charges. Two days later Brown was sentenced to death. His execution followed precisely one month later, on December 2nd. Clearly, Governor Wise and the state of Virginia acted justly and fairly when they tried John Brown and executed him for his dee ds at Harpers Ferry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Brown was born on May 9, 1800 in Torrington Connecticut. When he was about five years old, his father moved the family to Hudson Ohio. There, John was filled with the heavy anti-slavery sentiment that was present in that area. This, combined with personal observations of the maltreatment of blacks and the influence of Calvinism, started John Brown on his crusade to abolish slavery. While still living in Hudson he married Dianthe Lusk and began to raise a large family. To support his family he worked as a farmer, tanner, and surveyor. In 1849, John Brown moved with his second wife Mary Ann Day, and their seven children to North Elba. He planned to aid the free blacks living in Garrit Smith’s colony, dubbed “Timbucto';, adjust to the hardships of farming in the Adirondacks. After realizing the impossibility of this task, John left, and followed the abolitionist movement to Kansas where five of his sons were already stationed. Here in Kansas, Brown c ontinually struggled to become financially secure, but gained “a reputation as a ferocious opponent of slavery'; (John Brown’s Raid). This reputation was greatly enhanced when Brown and his sons led a brutal mission against the proslavery population, which resulted in five innocent proslavery settlers being mutilated and murdered. After staying in Kansas for a while longer, Brown returned to the North where he gave many speeches and fund raising meetings based on the abolishment of slavery.

Impact of Prison on Fyodor Dostoevskys Poor Folk, The Double, and The Idiot :: Dostoevsky Poor Folk Essays

Impact of Prison on Fyodor Dostoevsky's Poor Folk, The Double, and The Idiot Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is perhaps one of the most well known but least understood authors from the nineteenth century. His life was one full of misfortune and suffering; his works filled with religious pondering and philosophical discussions. Dostoevsky's life experiences were integrated into the characters in his pieces, both in terms of personality and ideology. An especially important turning point in his life was his arrest and imprisonment at the age of twenty-seven, shortly after the beginning of his writing career. This prison sentence and time in exile served to shape his perceptions and beliefs towards life, which were then incorporated into his literary works. Dostoevsky entered the Chief Engineering Academy in Saint Petersburg in 1838, at the age of 17. Upon his graduation, he served in the civil service, but gave it up to pursue writing full-time. 1846 saw the publishing of his first books, Poor Folk, and The Double. In Poor Folk, he explores some of the social issues of the day, and the work has even been dubbed of a "socialist character." During this time, he had joined forces with other young intellectuals, and began attending meetings headed by Petrashevsky. These young "social realists" would meet and discuss current political issues -- most importantly, the idea of the liberation of the serfs. This issue was especially of interest to Fyodor, who had been exposed to the cruelties of serfdom early in his life. He had a deep hatred of the institution of serfdom, which was perhaps rooted in his guilt towards the murder of his father. It was thought that Mikhail Andreevich was murdered by his own serfs during a particularly violent bout of anger towards them. Fyodor, while he was in no way associated with the death (he was in school in Saint Petersburg at the time), none the less felt guilt. Part of this may have been due to his incessant nagging for more money from his father during his last few years. This group of idealists was influenced by the changing political status in Europe during the middle of the nineteenth century. This was a time of a new social awareness -- new rights and liberties were being fought for and won, governments were transforming, and a series of "utopian socialist" books were quickly becoming popular. Dostoevsky had been an avid reader of such authors as Hugo, Sand, Sue, and others in this field.

Policing Reforms Essay

When reading the case study from Chapter eight in â€Å"Criminal Justice Organization† that dealt with policing reforms and how to implement those several questions were raised at the end of the chapter that I would like to address.   The first was the obstacles to those putting these reforms into place.   What were the issues and concerns of the officers when putting these new reforms into place?   Would these new supervisory reforms be accepted well with the officers and the department?   Would the fears of the community and officers be calmed by supervisors and how would the supervisors do this?   These questions I hope to answer in this essay and allow the reader to see just how effective these reforms are for a healthy society, community and police force. Policing reform includes communities as well as police departments.   Policing and community involvement, to me is more of a democratic policing for society.   Many departments have had issue with their officers and this reform.   But with contemporary styles being introduced the picture is changing.   In the article the officers at fires thought that, â€Å"More contemporary approaches to policing such as community policing ideals and practices, were â€Å"Bullshit† and coddling criminals, as far as he was concerned† (p.207). A new supervisor with the new reforms in mind came into his position with real motivation to change the face of the police department.   â€Å"Bratton had adopted an idea postulated by some Ivy League types that the erosion of quality of life in a community led towards urban decay and ultimately unchecked crime† (207).   The new supervisor had discussed with police and politicians how working with the community and their concerns actually showed a decrease in crime.   He also went on the say that this involvement with the community can be as simple as social programs that would meet individual’s basic needs to the cleaning of neighborhoods and cracking down on crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shifts in the structure of policing would need to happen.   These changes would include more concentration on â€Å"community policing principals† (207).   Other things would be creating substations or mini-stations around the community to keep officers close to their respective communities.   The ideal being the better you know you community the more effective and efficient the officers would be.  Ã‚   Creating watch groups and have weekly meeting with members of the community to pinpoint problems. What better policing than community policing.   Also, also talking with landlords and business owners on effective efforts and ways they can help to prevent drugs and drug houses moving into the community.   Enhancing direct services such as issues with community health in the article the new supervisor had even tried to implement a plan that would involve officers giving aid in transportation to health clinics and departments but liability issues prevented this from happening.   I think this will be something that we could see happening in the policing functions in the near future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The officers in the story felt that these efforts and concepts of policing reforms were just â€Å"a waste of time† (208).   They had issues with how their performance had been evaluated in the past verses how they would be evaluated after the reforms were in place.   The new policies required more involvement with the communities and getting a sense of unity with the community. â€Å"The purpose of these efforts was to get a feel for the pulse of the community and its problems† (209).   The officers had a problem with evaluations being group instead of being based on individual merit.   But in my opinion this would strengthen the department on a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police supervisors according to the article are to interact more with the officers.   Don’t use status to separate them from their subordinates getting them involved to identify problems and crime in the community making the officers the experts of their own community.   Supervisors would be seen as support and an in-between for the officers and the upper level management in the department along with being a catalyst between police and the community.   The officer in the story opposed to these changes brought in the union citing that he felt this unfair and a violation of his labor agreement, but the reforms were not seen as being unfair or a violation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I don’t believe him to be idealistic rather unmotivated to change, because once the officers saw that results for the good of the community their minds were changed very quickly.   If something works and is good for the group as a whole then ethically you would have to change your attitude. There was also improvement in officer’s jobs that could be seen, such as more say in how they thought they should do their jobs.   Since they are the ones actually on the beat forty hours or more a week, somehow being your own critic makes you the best critic for the job.   Supervisors are fundamental in addressing the fears of officers as well as communities.   A supervisor that has strong managerial skills and an ability to show strong leadership and direction would benefit any police department and help in implementing policing reform in any police department. Reference: Stojkovic, S., Kalinich, D., & Klofas, J. (2003).   Personnel, supervision, and evaluation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ch. 8.   Criminal Justice Organization.   New York: Wadsworth/Thompson

Corus Departments Essay

The marketing department do everything, from putting the brochures together for market research, to understanding precisely what the competitors are doing e. g. understanding how big the demand for steel is, or how big the threat from competitive material. Communication is also extremely important: if the other departments don’t work efficiently, then the marketing department won’t get the right information needed to make formal decisions that would benefit the company. The marketing department constantly needs to be in contact with the other departments, such as; the technical department and production department. They also need to produce a newsletter covering all the departments, which is then sent out to these departments meaning that they are all up to date. Sales The sales department is responsible for obtaining the most common business aim and objective, which is to increase sales levels Finance The finance department is responsible for producing financial information with the use of graphs and tables: as figures are mainly being used this is the easiest way to communicate between departments. By using a graph it is then easier and a lot faster to track the trends throughout the year. The graphs and tables are usually sent by e-mail, to enable other people within the business to print copies when appropriate. The finance department also need to be in contact with the other departments, especially the production, sales and purchasing teams. Communication is vital for the finance department, to enable them to confirm that all the figures they have produced are correct. If the figures they have given coming in and going out of the business are incorrect this could result in the performance of the business, as the decisions being made would be wrong, overall affecting the future of the business. Human Resources Human resources are responsible for employing staff into the business and training them. They also have to make sure their employees get their wages and are responsible for managing and disciplining individuals within the business. When they’re dealing with individuals, trade unions and management they must organise face to face meetings, as this is the most effective way because it allows them to build strong relationships and also allows trust to be developed. They are also put in place to make an open and honest forum which other methods of communication don’t offer e. g. e-mail and telephone. Within the Corus business the HR advisor is responsible employee relations and looking after the logistics team and central functions within the company.

Ethan Frome Dialectic Journal Essay

â€Å"The village lay under two feet of snow†¦ in a sky of iron the points of the Dipper hung like icicles and Orion flashed his cold fires†¦the white house-fronts between elms looked gray against the snow, clumps of bushes made black stains on it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wharton, 26). The very beginning or initial description of the setting of the story already gives it a feeling of isolation. Especially with it being presumably in the winter as the village is buried beneath snow and everything just seems and appears so cold and lonely. It reminds me of those movies or stories in which the world has ended and there are no people left, although there are people still inhabiting this village it still feels so isolated. (77 words) â€Å"He did not even know whether any one else in the world felt as he did, or whether he was the sole victim of this mournful privilege† (Wharton, 33). It is interesting how soon the reader is able to discover how unhappy Frome is in this story and how lonely he feels. The theme of isolation definitely makes itself viable to the reader early on in the story, whereas in many stories the theme may not be entirely known until closer to the end of the story. I also really like the way Wharton words the way he feels that if he was the â€Å"sole victim of this mournful privilege.† It almost makes his situation seem welcoming as well as distasteful. (92 words) â€Å"They stood together in the gloom of the spruces, an empty world glimmering about them wide and grey under the stars†(Wharton, 44) It catches my, as well as other readers’ attention, when authors use such descriptive words. As Wharton uses words such as: â€Å"gloom, empty world glimmering, grey under the stars,† it brings sort of a contradiction of images in which the bad outweigh the good. The grey overwhelms the true brightness of stars, and the empty world doesn’t glimmer so much with the negative words accompanying them. (66 words) â€Å"Sometimes their way led them under the shade of an overhanging bank or through the thin obscurity of a clump of leafless trees. Here and there a farmhouse stood far back among the fields, mute and cold as a grave-stone. The night was so still that they heard the frozen snow crackle under their feet† (Wharton, 49). I appreciate the amount of imagery Wharton includes in her writing and what it also represents along with describing the settings and pictures of the current situations. Especially with how she uses the  cold and quiet as extremely moving factors of imagery as well as motifs for the theme. In this particular quote she also describes the farmhouses as being mute and cold as a grave-stone; I personally love how it defines the setting as well as the theme. (79 words) â€Å"He had been afraid that she would hate the hard life, the cold and loneliness; but not a sign of discontent escaped her. Zeena took the view that Mattie was bound to make the best of Starkfield since she hadn’t any other place to go; but this did not strike Ethan as conclusive. Zeena, at any rate, did not apply the principle in her own case† (Wharton, 58) â€Å"Cold and loneliness† seem to be frequently recurring topics in this story and especially used together in most scenarios. However, cold and isolation typically find each other appealing and flow so well together it makes sense. Along with that is the views of many deciding why Mattie remained in Starkfield; they all make their own assumptions but of course the only one that truly knows is Mattie herself. This is an everyday sort of thing we see. (77 words) â€Å"It was formed of Zeena’s obstinate silence, of Mattie’s sudden look of warning, of the memory of just fleeting imperceptible signs as those which told him, on certain stainless mornings, that before night there would be rain†¦His dread was so strong that, man-like, he sought to postpone certainty† (Wharton, 60). It may be ironic that I am relating this to school, but when I read this quote that’s what I think of; when someone is cheating on a test and your friend who is helping you sends you that warning look as the teacher sits quietly but you are sure that they know. You try to plan how you will prevent getting caught or if you do get caught what you will say to find your way out of the inevitability of it. Just as Frome is doing in this situation as he â€Å"sought to postpone certainty.† (97 words) â€Å"There the silence had deepened about him year by year. Left alone, after his father’s accident, to carry the burden of farm and mill, he had had no time for convivial loiterings in the village; and when his mother fell ill the loneliness of the house grew more oppressive than that of the fields† (Wharton, 69). This is an extremely powerful quote as it highlights the underlying causes for Fromes’ isolation and loneliness. It had been instilled in him due to his fathers’ passing in an accident and his mothers’ fatal illness. It shows that everywhere he went he was haunted by their ghosts and I especially like how Wharton explains that â€Å"the loneliness of the house grew more oppressive  than that of the fields,† it makes you feel as if you are there mourning with him. (81 words) â€Å"After the funeral, when he saw her preparing to go away, he was seized with an unreasoning dread of being left alone on the farm; and before he knew what he was doing he had asked her to stay there with him† (Wharton, 70). It was out of desperation and fear of loneliness and the cold weather that Frome asked Zeena to stay with him, which later led to their marriage. Although it reminds me of when I am going somewhere and I don’t want to be alone I will confide in e ven just someone I know if my friends are unable to be with me; just so I will have someone there with me, although I may not favor their company. (78 words) â€Å"She pronounced the word married as if her voice caressed it. It seemed a rustling covert leading to enchanted glades. A pang shot through Ethan, and he said, twisting away from her in his chair: ‘It’ll be your turn next, I wouldn’t wonder’† (Wharton, 93). While Mattie is open and realizing that marriage to someone other than Ethan is entirely possible it yet again strikes Ethan into realizing how lonely he could be still if Mattie were to find someone else to marry and leave although he is still married to Zeena. This just kind of goes to show that although you may have something, it doesn’t always mean you will be content with what you have. (72 words) â€Å"She turned and looked at him a moment. ‘Good night, Ethan,’ she answered, and went up. When the door of her room had closed on her he remembered that he had not even touched her hand† (Wharton, 97). Ethan’s lonesomeness shows through how he wishes to capit alize on even the smallest gestures when with Mattie. Perhaps Mattie does not share the same emotions that Ethan does and while he may see that touching her hand is a sincere gesture shared between them, and he craves for it, she does not feel this way and it is just merely a gesture to her. (64 words) â€Å"On the way over to the wood-lot one of the greys slipped on a glare of ice and cut his knee†¦ Then when the loading finally began, a sleety rain was coming down once more, and the tree trunks were so slippery that it took twice as long as usual to lift them and them in place on the sledge† (Wharton, 100). Ethan is human. Everything that could go wrong that day for him does. I understand his struggle immensely because I, as well as most other humans have had days where nothing goes right and it makes you feel flustered and almost hopeless. Nothing works out the way it should for Ethan and although it doesn’t he keeps trying to accomplish it. (61 words)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"To Ethan there was something vaguely ominous in this stolid rejection of free food and warmth, and he wondered what had happened on the drive to nerve Jotham to such stoicism. Perhaps Zeena had failed to see the new doctor or had not liked his counsels: Ethan knew that in such cases the first person sh e met was likely to be held responsible for her grievence† (Wharton, 105). Thinking that Zeena had not enjoyed her trip to the doctor or had been disappointed with the results she had received, she may have taken out her displeasure on the first person she encountered which was probably Jotham. Therefore he probably felt awkward about coming to dinner with all of them; as would have most people, including myself, about coming to dinner after hearing the hosts’ disappointment. (67 words) â€Å"I’m a great deal sicker than you think.’ Her words fell on his ear with a strange shock of wonder. He had often heard her pronounce them before – what if at last they were true? He advanced a step or two into the dim room. ‘I hope that’s not so, Zeena,’ he said† (Wharton, 108). In expressing how sick she may truly be, Ethan acts as if he is very sorry and hopes she is not sick, but there is that underlying possibility that is known to the reader that he wishes she may be sick so that he can pursue his envisioned life with Mattie. While he may not entirely hope that Zeena succumbs to her illness he might not wish that she get better. (71 words) â€Å"He saw his blunder before she could take it up: she wanted sympathy, consolation. ‘I didn’t need to have anybody tell me I was losing ground every day. Everybody but you could see it’† (Wharton, 109). Zeena searches for sympathy while Ethan who does not fully pay attention to her even as other people do does not give her the full sympathy she wishes. All she wants is for someone to care, as any person would. She probably feels even more hurt that her very own husband does not pay much attention to her as other people do. (62 words) â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him. He was too young, too strong, too full of the sap of living, to submit so easily to the destruction of his hopes. Must he wear out all his years at the side of a bitter querulous woman?† (Wharton, 130). Ethan is tired of dealing with Zeena and is realizing how he can go without her being his age and having interests in Mattie. Like people reach it sometimes, Ethan is reaching his breaking point with Zeena and is okay with the fact that he could be without her because he has already practically moved onto the other life which he wishes he could have. (65  words) â€Å"He went up to Mattie as s he bent above the stove, and laid his hand on her arm. ‘I don’t want you should trouble either,’ he said, looking down into her eyes with a smile. She flushed up warmly and whispered back: ‘No, Ethan, I ain’t going to trouble’† (Wharton, 137). Ethan cares and shows sympathy toward Mattie as Zeena threatens to kick her out and no longer use her as a servant. He shows more sympathy than he ever really showed Zeena. This just goes to show how if people really care they will show it and help one another. While if they don’t really care, they will just put on a front and only act as if they do, if that. (72 words). â€Å"It was a shy secret spot, full of the same dumb melancholy that Ethan felt in his heart† (Wharton, 152). The â€Å"shy secret spot† is not only symbolic of what Ethan feels in his heart but also kind of how Ethan is as a person as well. I also like the way Wharton compares it to the â€Å"same dumb melancholy in his heart.† It’s like when you feel sad but you don’t know why, or you don’t want to, yet you still do. (63 words) â€Å"Confused motions of rebellion stormed in him. He was too young, too strong, too full of the sap of living, to submit so easily to the destruction of his hopes. Must he wear out all his years at the side of a bitter querulous woman?† (Wharton, 130). Ethan is tired of dealing with Zeena and is realizing how he can go without her being his age and having interests in Mattie. Like people reach it sometimes, Ethan is reaching his breaking point with Zeena and is okay with the fact that he could be without her because he has already practically moved onto the other life which he wishes he could have. (65 words)

Learning Objective Essay

* A learning objective answers the question: What is it that your students should be able to do at the end of the class session and course that they could not do before? * A learning objective makes clear the intended learning outcome rather than what form the instruction will take. * Learning objectives focus on student performance. Action verbs that are specific, such as list, describes, report, compare, demonstrate, and analyze, should state the behaviors students will be expected to perform. Well-written learning objectives can give students precise statements of what is expected of them and provide guidelines for assessing student progress. Our goal for students is learning and if students don’t know what they should be able to do at the end of class then it will be difficult for them to reach that goal. Clearly defined objectives form the foundation for selecting appropriate content, learning activities, and assessment measures. If objectives of the course are not clearl y understood by both instructor and students, if the learning activities do not relate to the objectives and the content that you think is important, then your methods of assessment, which are supposed to indicate to both learner and instructor how effective the learning and teaching process has been, will be at best misleading, and, at worst, irrelevant or unfair. Learning objectives Specific statements describing what you and your students intend to achieve as a result of learning that occurs both in class and outside of class. They can be categorized in the following way: 1. Cognitive objectives emphasize knowing, conceptualizing, comprehending, applying, synthesizing, and evaluating. These objectives deal with students’ knowledge of the subject matter, and how students demonstrate this knowledge. 2. Psychomotor objectives involve the physical skills and dexterity related to the instruction. Successful instruction involves teaching new skills or coordination of old ones Attitudinal objectives Specific statements about attitudes, values and emotions, which students will have as a result of taking part in class activities. What learning objectives emphasize Learning objectives emphasize observed activity, student activity and student outcomes. Advantages of using learning objectives Writing and using learning objectives has numerous advantages. Writing learning objectives using Bloom’s Taxonomy Bloom’s Taxonomy of the cognitive domain, or thinking skills, can be helpful in constructing course learning objectives. Bloom and colleagues found that over 95% of exam questions required students to activate low-level thinking skills such as recall (1956). In addition, research has shown that students remember more content when they have learned a topic through higher thinking skills such as application or evaluation. Using Bloom’s Taxonomy as a guide, you can create learning objectives and exam questions that activate and assess different, as well as higher, levels of student thinking. Bloom’s Taxonomy Bloom’s Taxonomy is a hierarchy of six cognitive skills arranged from less to more complex. Knowledge Recognizes students’ ability to use rote memorization and recall certain facts. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: cite, define, identify, label, list, match, name, recognize, reproduce, select, state. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will recall the four major food groups without error.| Name the four major food groups.| The students will list at least three characteristics peculiar to the Cubist movement.| List three characteristics that are unique to the Cubist movement.| The students will be able to define gram-positive bacteria.| Define gram-positive bacteria.| Comprehension Involves students’ ability to read course content, understand and interpret important information and put other’s ideas into their own words. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: classify, convert, describe, distinguish between, explain, extend, give examples, illustrate, interpret, paraphrase, summarize, translate. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will summarize the main events of a story in grammatically correct English.| Using grammatically correct English, please summarize the main events – in three or four sentences – from the news story given below.| The students will describe in prose what is shown in graph form.| Given a graph of production trends in automobiles, describe what the graph represents in a memo to your boss.| From a â€Å"story-problem† description, students will convert the story to a mathematical manipulation needed to solve the problem.| A researcher wonders whether attending a private high school leads to higher or lower performance on an exam of social skills. A random sample of 100 students from a private school produces a mean score of 71.30 on the exam, and the national mean score for students from public schools is 75.62 (s x = 29.0). Convert the information in this word problem into a mathematical representation that will enable you to solve the problem.| Application Students take new concepts and apply them to another situation. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: apply, arrange, compute, construct, demonstrate, discover, modify, operate,predict, prepare, produce, relate, show, solve, use. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will multiply ractions in class with 90 percent accuracy.| Solve for the ten following fraction multiplication problems. Please make sure to show all your work.| The students will apply previously learned information about socialism to reach an answer.| According to our definition of socialism, which of the following nations would be considered to be socialist?| The students will demonstrate the principle of reinforcement to classroom interactions.| In a teaching simulation with your peers role-playing 6th grade students, demonstrate the principle of reinforcement in classroom interactions and prepare a  ½ page description of what happened during the simulation that validated the principle.| Analysis Students have the ability to take new information and break it down into parts to differentiate between them. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: analyze, associate, determine, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, estimate, infer, order, outline, point out, separate, subdivide. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will read a presidential debate and point out the passages that attack a political opponent personally rather than the opponent’s political programs.| From the short presidential debate transcribed below: Differentiate the passages that attacked a political opponent personally, and those that attacked an opponent’s political programs.| The students will point out the positive and negative points presented in an argument for the abolition of guns.| From the argument given below, analyze the positive and negative points presented concerning the abolition of guns and write a brief (2-3 page) narrative of your analysis.| Students will discriminate among a list of possible steps to determine which one(s) would lead to increased reliability for a test.| Determine which of the following steps would most likely lead to an increase in the reliability estimate for a test: * Increasing the number of persons tested from 500 to 1,000. * Selecting items so that half were very difficult and half very easy * Increasing the length of the test with more of the same kinds of items * Increasing the homogeneity of the group of subjects tested.| Synthesis Students are able to take various pieces of information and form a whole creating a pattern where one did not previously exist. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: combine, compile, compose, construct, create, design, develop, devise, formulate, integrate, modify, organize, plan, propose, rearrange, reorganize, revise, rewrite, tell, write. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will write a different but plausible ending to a short story.| Develop one plausible ending for all three short stories below.| After studying the current economic policies of the United States, student groups will design their own goals for fiscal and monetary policies.| Working in your groups and considering the current economic policies of the US that we have been studying, develop your goals for employment, price levels, and rate of real economic growth for the next three years. Write these goals on the newsprint and be ready to discuss why your goals are feasible.| The students will design a series of chemical operations to separate quantitatively the elements in a solution.| In the lab, you will be given a solution to analyze to see what elements make up the solution. Then design a series of chemical operations to separate quantitatively the elements in the solution.| Evaluation Involves students’ ability to look at someone else’s ideas or principles and see the worth of the work and the value of the conclusions. Action verbs to help write objectives or exam questions for this domain: appraise, assess, compare, conclude, contrast, criticize, discriminate, evaluate, judge, justify, support, weigh. Example Learning objectives| Exam questions| The students will use the principles of socialism to evaluate the US economic system.| Using the basic principles of socialism discussed in this course, evaluate the US economic system by providing key arguments to support your judgment.| Given any research study, evaluate the appropriateness of the conclusions reached based on the data presented.| For years, misinformation about negative effects of aspartame has proliferated on the internet. The committee evaluated peer-reviewed research from the scientific literature on this topic and concluded: â€Å"Aspartame consumption is not associated with adverse effects in the general population†. — Given the data we’ve looked at on this topic, evaluate how appropriate this conclusion is and defend your answer.| The students will compare two pieces of sculpture, giving reasons for their positive evaluation of one over the other.| Two pieces of sculpture from different eras and artists are displayed. Study these two pieces, use the compare-contrast method to determine which piece you prefer and write a 2-3 page report that describes your thinking process as you studied these pieces. Utilize the skills you have learned as we have studied various pieces of sculpture over the past two weeks.| Advantages of using learning objectives The writing of learning objectives focuses attention away from content and onto the students. This re-focusing often produces revisions in teaching methods. 1. Managing instruction: Objectives may be used by instructors and students to sort and direct learners and learning activities. They may be used for systematic pre-testing, allowing into the course students who demonstrate the required pre-requisite behaviors, redirecting to remedial work those who lack the pre-requisites, skipping ahead those who already have acquired the behaviors that the unit is designed to teach. 2. 3. Managing learning: Whereas management of instruction implies that the control rests with the instructor, management of learning suggests a more active role by the student. Students can use objectives to guide their learning efforts — choosing appropriate materials, reading selectively, etc. Objectives can also be used for self-evaluation which may direct the student’s efforts (e.g., skipping ahead or reviewing). When students are involved in determining objectives they develop an awareness of the difficulties in defining what it is they want to learn and of choosing from among equally attractive options. 4. Planning instruction: Once you have developed learning objectives for a course you can more rationally sequence instruction, allot time to topics, assemble materials, prepare outlines and booklists, etc. Learning objectives can also be used as a guide to teaching, as when you plan different instructional methods for presenting various types of content based on the desired learning outcomes (e.g., small-group editing of reports to give students experience in evaluating content logic and correct usage). A re-examination of course content may result from a look at the learning objectives for the course. After comparing previous examinations with your newly developed learning objectives, you may discover that you have been testing materials which are illustrative, but which are not really essential to the students’ mastery of the content/concepts. 5. Enhancing learning: If the student has a set of learning objectives which provide information about the content to be learned and the way in which he/she will have to demonstrate adequate knowledge, that student can make more appropriate choices about study methods and content emphasis. 6. Facilitating evaluation: Learning objectives can facilitate various evaluation activities, evaluating students, evaluating instruction, evaluating the curriculum. They can form the basis for grading or for determining levels of competence in a mastery learning system. They can also be used to demonstrate effective teaching by matching student learning, as measured by exams, etc., to the desired outcomes. 7. Aiding in communication with others: There is a need to communicate learning objectives to others: between instructor and student, with TAs, with other instructors. For example, exchanging learning objectives within departments is the most specific way to communicate to one’s colleagues what you really cover in your course. An objectives exchange might reduce redundancy in the curriculum. 8. Designing or redesigning curriculum: If you intend to improve instruction in a particular course, you usually begin with the learning objectives for that course and program outcomes for the program and work backwards. * Sets of learning objectives for one course may be compared with the expected entry behaviors for the next course in the sequence. The two should interlock; where they do not, curriculum adjustments can be made. * Study of the existing curriculum can draw attention to redundancy and omissions that can lead to curriculum revision. 9. Producing new insights: The process of clarifying objectives may produce major changes in those who engage in the effort. For example, instructors who spend time developing learning objectives are said to acquire increased understanding about what is a feasible goal. When more general goals are explicitly identified, many specific sub-goals emerge. Since it may not be possible to reach all the sub-goals, a hierarchy or â€Å"trade-off system† of goals must be produced.

Learning Disability in Students Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Learning Disability in Students - Research Paper Example The data requirements for this purpose fall into two broad classes - primary and secondary information. The secondary information is collected from the already published information by judiciously choosing the most relevant aspects from the available literature or documents. While, the primary information refers to the direct information collected from the samples selected or chosen for the data collection process. The basic approach adopted in the whole process is to ensure the consistency in the information collected. This could be achieved by tailoring the process of data collection using an appropriate blend of structured and unstructured approaches as well as qualitative and quantitative information. The innovative methodologies need to be planned for the research exercise aimed to explore the reason behind the skills acquired by the special education students. The conventional methods in the research methodology need to be redesigned to ensure the reliability of data collected from a highly divergent set of the sample. The two important philosophies being considered for the research are Positive Research and Phenomenological research (Naoum, 2003). In the positive research the objective would be to generate statistical information from the quantitative data. On the contrary, the qualitative approach would emphasize on the broad aspects or the qualitative details about the target information. Thus, the phenomenological information would rest more on the opinions while the positive approach would require more facts. Based on these details the data types shall be classified into two classes - quantitative information and qualitative information. Quantitative information is collected for establishing precise answers to the observed behavior of the sample. The results of the analysis could be represented as numbers, percentages, mean value etc. The qualitative information would be of significant advantage to understand the situation, thoughts, opinions or circumstances (Remenyi et al, 2005). The resear ch methods focus on obtaining required subjective and descriptive responses on the research being conducted. Further, the information and the data analysis is complex in this approach and it is based on the judgmental abilities, knowledge, and the experience of the researcher. The researchers need to consider the research problem and the data characteristics to arrive at a very balanced plan for initiating the data collection. The broad objective of the study is to ensure an improvement in performance of the students with disabilities by evolving mechanism capable of extending necessary support for the students with disabilities, improving the parental involvement and providing successful transitions. The continuing debates on the inherent strength and weakness about the different approaches for research has been widely reported (Deshpande et al, 2002; Bryman, 2004). Collecting both the qualitative and quantitative information would be very useful to eliminate the weakness inherent in the single methodology chosen for the investigation (Creswell, 2003). Further, each of them report certain strengths and weakness besides certain specific limitations that make them more applicable to certain type of situations. The data required for the investigation proposed here would be collected along with the class room assessments

Analysis of a System, Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Analysis of a System, - Case Study Example y with distance from the city due to presence of junction on the road; where there is a road junction at far distance from the road traffic diverts and leave the city centre with less traffic therefore leading to a reduction in traffic flow. High population is associated with high expenses imposed services like water, electricity, medical services, schools, etc. and at the end the systems of the city get highly affected due to high population The road conditions; poor road conditions leads to short term traffic volume because the capacity of the road is low and not able to accommodate traffic for a long time hence short term traffic volume. Occupancy of the road; a low percentage of time the traffic and people occupy the road result in short-term traffic volume. It is because of the inability of the road to accommodate large number of the vehicles. The time spent by vehicle to travel from a certain point of the road; shorter time spent by the vehicle within a road section implies a short-term traffic volume because there is no time wastage on the road section. the design life of the road; the road designed for longer design life have long-term traffic volume within the design period. It is because the number of vehicles that can flow at that time is for a long time hence long-term traffic flow. The conditions of the road; good conditions of the road leads to long term traffic flow because the road can be in the position to accommodate traffic volume for a long time hence long term traffic volume. The class of the road; class A (national roads) have long-term traffic flow because they are the main roads linking a country to another and they are the main business roads that promote trade among countries. High density of vehicle at the point of the road; heavy vehicle have high densities compared to small vehicles because they take larger area and have low travel speed that facilitate longer time of flow hence long term traffic

The Freedom of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Freedom of Education - Essay Example Foucault calls this concept of mental change â€Å"panopticism†. The main key to this concept is to build a mechanism which would be able to suppress and control people’s minds and thoughts in order to make all we feel happy. As a result of this concept, social institutions, such as schools, prisons, and hospitals, were created. In an essay called â€Å"The â€Å"Banking† Concept of Education† by Paulo Freire, the idea of â€Å"panopticism† is intruding into an educational process, where children are treated and educated as â€Å"robots†, where the independent way of thinking is totally prohibited. In an ancient world, people were always thinking about the perfectly governed city which they called Utopia. This city of state could be primitive and simple but at the same time one of perfect happiness and fulfillment. Today a perception of a perfect governed city was slightly changed. Michel Foucault, who was one of the world’s leading intellectuals, gives us his own point of view regarding a definition of Utopia. In order to make this world more positive and decent, â€Å"some bunch of people† should build a machine that would control and even change people’s ways of thinking, and once this creation is built, the evolution of thoughts completely depend on it (Foucault, M 210-213). According to Bentham’s point of view, that machine would be a perfect key to manipulating the educational training of people. He calls this creature Panopticon, which is the architectural figure, the purpose of which is to observe and control people from the side (Bentham 213-214). The main point of this structure is that the inmate must never know whether he is being looked at during any one moment, but he must be sure that he may always be so (Foucault 215). This perfect concept of control gives the opportunity to create a society where there are no crimes, violence, or child abuse; where all people are happy and love each other.  

The case method of stratigic analysis David and Goliath Essay

The case method of stratigic analysis David and Goliath - Essay Example -There are a number of possible solutions to the problem. One solution is to have each side choose its strongest member. For the Philistine this would be Goliath. For the Israelites this would be David. Both individuals would then fight to the death. The winner would determine the resolution for the entirety of their population. While this would provide a resolution and avoid significant death, one recognizes that it is largely an arbitrary means of deciding on the solution; for this reason not all participants may be happy with the final solution. -Another potential option would be to have both organizations engage in diplomacy. While a regular component of international relations in the contemporary environment, during the time of this conflict such actions occurred only in limited form. This then constitutes a major potential option a means of solving this conflict. -Still, another potential option would be to allow both armies to engage in warfare. While this is the most extreme solution it is an option that continues to be implemented through the contemporary world environment. This solution would be effective in providing a strong and resolute answer to the issue, as the stronger party would have the final say in the matter. Still, the human death toll would be significant. One considers that diplomacy functions as the best option as it determines an amenable solution without bloodshed and death. This approach functions within the Ansoff management techniques. One considers that turbulence is a prominent area of concern within the Ansoff approach, and this situation demonstrates a great degree of unpredictability. Ansoff recognizes that managers must meet these challenges with an appropriate aggressiveness of strategy. In this sense, the diplomatic approach recognizes that because of the turbulent nature of the situation, a strong and resolute solution needs to be reached. The diplomatic action then will