History Of Materials In The Aviation Industry Engineering Essay

History Of Materials In The Aviation Industry Engineering EssayAircraft materials clear confront an overwhelming phase of change since the takeoff of the first designed aircraft to the skies. This has seen aircraft designers changing the design materials from merely wood and fictional character in the early days to intricate materials and aluminum alloys in fresh days aircrafts. Composite materials and aluminium alloys were introduced in the industry rapidly. Due to advancement in technology the use of wood in manufacturing aircraft social systems is now history. This review covers the use of composite materials and aluminium alloys in the design of modern aircrafts, two civil and military. It also compargons the usage of these two materials in aircraft structures. slacken of ContentsINTRODUCTIONAircraft materials sire faced an overwhelming phase of change since the takeoff of the first designed aircraft to the skies. This has seen aircraft designers changing the materials of design from merely wood and fibre in the early days to composite materials and aluminium alloys in modern days aircrafts. Early aircrafts were constructed mainly of wood and fabric, the Wright flyer (1903) is an example. Manufacturers preferred relatively low-cal and strong wood such as spruce and fabrics, which were normally linen or something similarly close-weaved. These materials were selected looking at different characteristics which include among separate the weight, strength, approach and availability of the material. Due to advancement in technology the use of wood in manufacturing aircraft structures is now a thing of the past.The use of metals in aircraft structures had to await modern material development processes such as alloy development. This processes produced stronger and better materials which allowed elevated speed flight. Materials produced were better as they allowed heavy loads and they showed better resistance to strain corrosion cracking. The introducti on of computers has been of massive input in the field of aerospace. These seen engineers perform deep analysis of strain stress and fatigue on new materials so cardinalr there argon introduced in aircraft structures. And as a result, the deed of aircraft accidents reduced drastically. This review aims to cover the use of composite materials and aluminium alloys in the design of both civil and military modern aircrafts, and compare the usage of the two materials in aircraft structures.COMPOSITE MATERIALSComposites have been the most important materials to have been introduced in the aviation arena since the use of aluminium in the early years. Wright et al (2003) defines composite materials as, a combination of linear elements of one material in a matrix of one another material. This implies that composites are engineered materials made from two or more ingredients with significantly differing properties, either physical or chemical. The application of composite date back in the 1940s to the F-15 (US Air Force) fighters, which employ boron/epoxy empennages. Initially the percentage by weight of composite materials employ was 2%.Since then, the use of composites has rapidly accelerated. In 1981, the British aerospace- McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier flew with over 25% of its structures made of composite materials (Schmitt, 2008). This shows that composite materials were introduced at a very high rate in the aviation industry.though composites have been introduced in aviation with such a fierce rate, it was proved they are expensive to produce. They are also hard to inspect for flaws and some easy absorb moisture. Despite the above mentioned discriminates, composites still play a major role in modern day aircrafts. This is so because of their greater strength and hoy weights. Callus (2007) claims that regardless of the disadvantages of composites, they were introduced because they allowed a quantum leap in aircraft performance. Performance is in the form of light weight, ability, useful payload and super high speeds.USES OF COMPOSITES IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURESSince each aircraft is unique, it is impossible to generalise where various materials are being used in current aircrafts, but reference to a specific example illustrates the trend. Figure 1 below shows composite materials used in Boeing 787.http//people.bath.ac.uk/ck258/new%20materials%20documents/Composite%20materials_files/image002.jpgFigure 1. Composite materials used in Boeing 787 structures. Adapted fromhttp//people.bath.ac.uk/ck258/new%20materials%20documents/Composite%20materials.htmThe above practice clearly gives a clear indication of the introduction of composites in aircraft structures. It can be confidently stated that composites form about 50% of the weight of the materials used in modern day aircrafts. This can be seen from the pie chart in figure 1. The commonly used composites are fibreglass, carbon laminate composites and carbon sandwich composite. some(a) comp osites include the Titanium and polymer matrix composites.COMPOSITION OF COMPOSITESComposite materials are made of two materials, one acting as the matrix and the other as the accompaniment material. These constituent materials determine the mechanical properties of the composite. The matrix has a lower density, stiffness and strength than the reinforcement material, and as a result the reinforcement of the matrix, to provide the volume of the strength and stiffness of a composite is accomplished by the fibres. They can be metallic, organic, synthetic or mineral. American Composite Manufacturers Association (2004) considers epoxy resins as one of the well known matrix material to have been used in a wide range of composite parts and structures. It further states that a major advantage of using Epoxy resins over other matrix materials is their lower shrinkage.http//navyaviation.tpub.com/14018/img/14018_593_1.jpgFigure 2. Aircraft advanced composite application usage. Adapted from h ttp//navyaviation.tpub.com/14018/css/14018_593.htmThe table shows that the in early aircrafts composites were introduced in smaller quantities. This is the case with the F-14 aircraft which was first introduced in September 1974 (Hickman, 2012). Comparing the percentage of composite materials of the F-14 with the F/A-18, which was introduced in January 1983, one can throwaway that the F/A-18 contained a higher percentage of composites which is 20% as compared to the 0.04% of the F-14. This 19.96% difference may have been due to the introduction of modern material development processes.The more often than not used reinforcement fibres are glass fibre, carbon pitch based, Boron chemical vapour deposition (CVD) fibres, Alumina, Aramid, Carbon Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and Polyethylene. Baker, Dutton and Kelly (2004, pp. 57) claim glass fibres are used mostly in airframes of gliders and in secondary structures such as fairings. The trio further explain that this is the case because this is where their low specific stiffness is not a problem in the design process, and because of their low cost as compared to high performance fibres. Such high performance composites include carbon fibre reinforced carbon. This is a composite material made from carbon fibre reinforcement in a carbon matrix.Diagram of carbon-reinforced carbonFigure 3. Material properties of a carbon fibre reinforced carbon. Adapted from http//www.materialsviews.com/understanding-carbon-reinforced-carbonAccording to Grolms (2011), carbon fibre reinforced carbon is used mainly in high performance and high cost applications in aerospace technology. He further explains that this composite material is used widely in nose cones, wing leading edges in space shuttles and in aircraft brake systems.ALUMINIUM ALLOYSAluminium has been the main structural element since 1930. This was made possible by its lightness as compared to other metals which are referred to as heavy, steel for example. Also, aluminium has b een selected because of its indomitable strength to weight ratio. Although aluminium is not the strongest of the pure materials, its alloys use other elements to bridge the gap and improve its strength. Starke and Staley (1995) claims that aluminium is still selected as a structural material for the fuselage, wings and defying structure for commercial airliners because of its well known performance characteristics, known fabrication costs, design experience and schematic manufacturing methods and practices. The duo continue on saying low specific gravity of aluminium leads to high specific properties giving aluminium alloys an upper hand in weight critical applications.Weight and strengthFigure 4. Weight and Strength- aluminium is approximately one third as dense as steel. Aluminium alloys have tensile strengths of between 70 and 700 MPa. Adapted from http//www.powerofaluminium.com/page.asp?node=45sec=Properties .Aluminium alloys were mainly created to tackle the weight problems o f aircraft structures, but due to modern research and studies they have been deep studied for use in liquid oxygen and hydrogen fuel tanks, application which Starke and Staley (1995,pp.167) referred to as cryogenic. The development of aluminium-lithium alloy replaced the conventional airframe alloys. Its lower density stead was thought to reduce the weight and accelerate the performance of aircrafts. This development, lead to the introduction of commercial alloys 8090, 2090 and 2091 in the mid 1980s (Davis, 1993). Weldalite 049 and CP276 were introduced shortly thereafter. Davis (1993) further says that aluminium alloys have a superior fatigue crack propagation resistance as compared to other alloys. This is due to high levels of crack tip shielding, meandering crack roadway and the resultant roughness induced crack closure (Davis, 1993).ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS AND COMPOSITES USES IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURESThe future of aluminium alloys in the aerospace industry s eems brighter than that of its competitors, the composite materials. nonetheless though the use composite materials is continuously growing, it recently became clear that aluminium alloys will in the near future be the winners of the fierce competition between the two materials. The airbus A380 give a clear indication of this. It shows that 61% of its structure is composed of aluminium alloys, 22% being composites, 10% is titanium and steel, and 3% of the structure is made of fibre metal laminates (Key to Metal, 2012).http//ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1359645403005020-gr10.jpgFigure 5 Material distribution for Airbus A380 by percentage, Adapted from http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645403005020It appears the rivalry between composites materials and aluminium alloys in the manufacturing of aircraft structures will continue to exist even in the future. This report claims aluminium alloys have the upper hand due to the fact that aluminium is less expensiv e as compared to composites, and recycling aluminium is not that difficult as compared to recycling composites, meaning that aluminium alloys are more environmental friendly. To support this claim, Arval (2010) pointed out that Bombardier has chosen Airware, a new aluminium alloy, for its upcoming CSeries, and Airbus has also shown that new aluminium alloys may be feasible for its next aisle aircraft. terminalIn this report, the use of composite materials in aircrafts has been thoroughly discussed, pointing out their advantages and their disadvantages. The report identifies the main disadvantage of using composites in aircrafts being its high cost. The other disadvantage of using composite mentioned is their repair problems. It has been proved that composite can give a headache when it comes to repairing from ground damages, which usually avail themselves during baggage loading and other ground accidents. Nevertheless, the report also states that composites are still playing a major role in the aviation industry. This is due to their remarkable strength and their lighting weight.Also outlined in the report is the use of aluminium alloys in modern day aircrafts. Indicated in the report is that, even though aluminium alloys are not currently the main material for aircraft structure, they are awaited by a bright future. New aluminium alloys have been opted over composites for new aircraft technologies because they are recyclable, less expensive, and their characteristics and damage tolerance are well known. The development of new aviation materials since the 1980s was a major achievement in the industry since the number of aviation accidents reduced significantly. Carrying out more research on new aviation materials can see aircraft accidents reducing to probably zero, and this is a call for researchers to subdue more on new aviation materials.